Immigration Reform The DREAM Act Explained

The term DREAM Act (Development, Relief, and Education for Alien Minors Act) refers to any of several similar bills that have been considered, but so far not passed, by the U.S. Congress that would allow unauthorized alien students, primarily students who were brought into the United States as children by their unauthorized immigrant parents or other adults, to attend college on the same terms as U.S. citizens.Under the 14th Amendment, as interpreted by the U.S. Supreme Court in the 1897 case of U.S. v. Wong Kim Ark, children born to unauthorized aliens while in the United States are classified as American citizens from birth. K-12 Education is Guaranteed Until they reach age 18, the children of unauthorized aliens brought into the U.S. by their parents or adult guardians are not generally subject to government sanctions or deportation because of their lack of legal citizenship status. As a result, these children are eligible to receive free public education from kindergarten through high school in all states.In its 1981 decision in the case of Plyer v. Doe, the U.S. Supreme Court ruled that the right of minor children of unauthorized aliens to receive free public education from kindergarten through high school is protected by the Equal Protection Clause of the 14th Amendment.While school districts are allowed to apply some restrictions, such as a requirement for a birth certificate, they may not deny enrollment because a childs birth certificate is issued by a foreign nation. Similarly, schools districts may not deny enrollment when the childs family is unable to provide a social security number.[   US Citizenship Test Questions  ]The wisdom of providing free public education to children of unauthorized aliens is best summarized by the fear expressed by U.S. Supreme Court Justice William Brennan in Plyer v. Doe, that failure to do so would lead to the creation of a subclass of illiterates within our boundaries, surely adding to the problems and costs of unemployment, welfare and crime.Despite Justice Brennans subclass of illiterates reasoning, several states continue to object to providing free K-12 education to the children of unauthorized aliens, arguing that doing contributes to overcrowded schools, increases costs by requiring bilingual instruction and decreases the ability of American students to learn effectively. But After High School, Problems Arise   Once they finish high school, unauthorized aliens wishing to attend college face a variety of legal obstacles making it difficult, if not impossible for them to do so.A measure in the 1996 Immigration Reform and Immigrant Responsibility Act (IIRIRA) has been held by the courts as prohibiting the states from granting far less expensive in-state tuition status to unauthorized aliens, unless they also offer in-state tuition to all U.S. citizens, regardless of state residency.Specifically, Section 505 of the IIRIRA states that an unauthorized alien shall not be eligible on the basis of residence within a State (or a political subdivision) for any postsecondary education benefit unless a citizen or national of the United States is eligible for such a benefit (in no less an amount, duration, and scope) without regard to whether the citizen or national is such a resident.In addition, under the Higher Education Act (HEA), unauthorized alien students are not eligible to receive federal studen t financial aid.br/>Finally, prior to June 15, 2012, all unauthorized immigrants were subject to being deported once they reached age 18 and were not allowed to work legally in the United States, thus making attending college virtually impossible for them. But then, President Barack Obama exercised his presidential powers as boss of the executive branch agencies to change that. Obamas Deportation Deferral Policy Citing his frustration with the failure of Congress to pass a DREAM Act, President Obama on June 15, 2010, issued a policy authorizing U.S. immigration enforcement officials to grant young illegal immigrants who enter the U.S. before the age of 16, pose no security threat and meet other requirements a two-year deferral from deportation.By also allowing qualified young illegal immigrants to apply for authorization to work legally in the U.S., Obamas deportation deferral policy at least temporarily lowered two of the hurdles blocking illegal immigrants from a college education: the threat of being deported and not being allowed to hold a job.These are young people who study in our schools, they play in our neighborhoods, theyre friends with our kids, they pledge allegiance to our flag, stated President Obama in his speech announcing the new policy. They are Americans in their heart, in their minds, in every single way but one: on paper. They were brought to this country by their parent s -- sometimes even as infants -- and often have no idea that theyre undocumented until they apply for a job or a drivers license, or a college scholarship.President Obama also stressed that his exportation deferral policy was neither amnesty, immunity nor a path to citizenship for young illegal immigrants. But, is it necessarily a path to college and how does it differ from the DREAM Act? What a DREAM Act Would Do Unlike President Obamas deportation deferral policy, most versions of the DREAM Act introduced in past Congresses have provided a path to U.S. citizenship for young illegal immigrants.As described in the Congressional Research Service report, Unauthorized Alien Students: Issues and DREAM Act Legislation, all versions of DREAM act legislation introduced in Congress have included provisions intended to assist young illegal immigrants.Along with repealing sections of the Immigration Reform and Immigrant Responsibility Act of 1996 prohibiting the states from granting in-state tuition to illegal immigrants, most versions of the DREAM Act would enable certain illegal immigrant students to gain U.S. legal permanent resident (LPR) status.[   ducation Nation: 30% of Americans Now Hold Degrees  ]Under the two versions of the DREAM Act introduced in the 112th Congress (S. 952 and H.R. 1842), young illegal immigrants could gain full LPR status through a two-stage process. They would first ga in conditional LPR status after at least 5 years of residing in the U.S. and earning a high school diploma or being admitted to a college, university or other institution of higher education in the United States. They could then gain full LPR status by getting a degree from an institution of higher education in the United States, completing at least two years in a bachelors or higher degree program, or serving for at least two years in the U.S. uniformed services.

Culture Essay - 773 Words

Culture Essay 7/5/2012 Culture Essay There is no specific definition when it comes to the term â€Å"culture.† Culture refers to the cumulative deposit of knowledge, experience, beliefs, values, attitudes, meanings, hierarchies, religion, notions of time, roles, spatial relations, concepts of the universe, and material objects and possessions acquired by a group of people in the course of generations through individual and group striving. Culture is the sum of total of the learned behavior of a group of people that are generally considered to be the tradition of that people and are transmitted from generation to generation. Culture is a collective programming of the mind that distinguishes the members of one group or category of people†¦show more content†¦As I began to grow older, and I became more capable of making my own decisions, I kept most of the traditions that my family had passed onto me, but became open to different cultures knowing that being in the health care field, I was go ing to have to be more accepting of other possibilities and other cultures. Luckily, my family also taught me to be open to other cultures and to not judge people based on their different backgrounds. I believe that any health care provider is going to have to be accepting of other people’s culture and respect their beliefs and traditions when it comes to their health and how it is managed. If health care providers were to only take their culture and beliefs into consideration, the patient’s care become the least important, which in fact, could jeopardize their health, and the level of respect goes down. My views, when it comes to health care, have not necessarily changed, but have led me to become more open to natural remedies, and to not rely on the use of medication. Working in an ER, I see people everyday that cannot live without the use of narcotics, or other types of medication; I try not to judge, but I wonder that if they were brought up the way I was, they wou ld not have to rely on narcotics. Either way, I try to learn a little about each patient’s culture, and take theirShow MoreRelatedEssay on The Numbing of the American Mind: Culture as Anesthetic1405 Words   |  6 PagesENLIGHTENED SURRENDER How many essays have been written about American culture? How many books dedicated to the intense scrutiny of every aspect of our modern society? Countless thoughts, countless theories—many of them lost in the very chaos that the authors spent 300 pages explaining. 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Net Neutrality Paper Free Essays

Capitalism is an economic system characterized by private or corporate ownership of capital goods, by investments that are determined by private decision, and by prices, production, and the distribution of goods that are determined mainly by competition in a free market. (Merriam-Webster Online, 2010) The United States of America is considered a â€Å"free market†, in some cases. Internet Seen,’ice Providers own the tangible cables and pipes providing the service of connectivity to the internet. We will write a custom essay sample on Net Neutrality Paper or any similar topic only for you Order Now They are the bridge. They own the bridge. In a free market, they can regulate heir bridge how they see fit, within the parameters of the law. This same model is expressed by cell phone companies in the communication industry as well as cable companies in the television industry. Cellular phone companies own all the variables that make up their network. They then sell you service to connect to their network based off of their interpretation of what the market will allow. They dictate what you pay, how much usage you are allowed and what types of usages are allowed. Cable companies evolved in the same manner. Once a free entertainment source is now a billion dollar year industry marked with the footprints of capitalism. Cable companies put forth the ground work to make the cable experience what it is today. In return, they profit from their investments to do so. They also dictate what we pay and what types of usage we are allowed. These cable and cellular communication companies have thrived in our free market mentality but in the same instance have been regulated by government when it applies to the internet. In the same way they own the physical cables, the pipes underground, the satellites and the air space, they are providing the bridge. Without their bridges, the consumer cannot access the internet. In a free market society, we tell companies to manage their business according to what the market will allow. The market has allowed the cell phone industry to operate without regulation. The cable companies have thrived without regulation under the allowance of the market. The internet is no different. Property is any physical or intangible entity that is owned or possessed by a person or jointly by a group of people. Property is synonymous with ownership. Ownership is the exclusive right to possess and dispose of what oh own. â€Å"When you pull out the government, you take out socialism, and when you remove the rights of ownership and place the benefits broadly on the least able to pay for them, you have communism. It isn’t yet clear if socialism will work in the U. S. , and it is doubly doubtful that communism (aka â€Å"Net neutrality†) will ever work. † (Ender, 2010) In economic terms, calculability is the ability to exclude others from use of a good. Rivalry is when one person’s use of a good diminishes another’s ability to use that good. When you have a resource that doesn’t have calculability but does display rivalry you have what is known as ‘Tragedy of the Commons† which is an overused, under maintained resource (aka â€Å"the free-rider problem†). In Africa arose the possibility of the elephant becoming extinct from humans killing them for their hides and tusks. Two countries decided to act against this problem, Kenya and Rhodesia. Kenya took the approach of placing a ban on elephant poaching while Rhodesia gave property owners Private Property Rights to the elephants with incentives for elephant maintenance. Jenny’s elephant population decreased while Rhodesia increased dramatically. The conclusion of when property rights are given, ownership of property motivates protection and care for the property more efficiently than federal regulations. In economic terms the internet would be classified as an Clubbable resource. The classification of rival or non-rival is debatable due to bandwidth. However if we look at this example from the rival standpoint, it bears identical resemblance of the private goods industry. When property rights are given with incentives, the elephant will prosper. If ownership is revoked and regulations are implemented by government, we have Tragedy of the commons. Sip’s currently don’t have incentives to make broadband bandwidth accessible in all parts of our country due to lack of profitability. Therefore our elephant population (internet) will decrease. This is a simple example of how capitalism is a great model for economical success. It is the same model that has molded our country for over two centuries. Why the model is continually changing I do not know. The Internet is not public property. Telecommunications companies have spent billions Of dollars on network infrastructure all over the world. They did so in the hope of selling communications services to customers willing to pay for them. The government has no right to effectively nationalize Sip’s by telling them how run their networks. Proponents of net neutrality love to invent hypothetical scenarios of ways companies could abuse customers. It is true that a free society gives people the freedom to be stupid, wrong, and even malicious. The great thing about capitalism is that it also gives people the freedom to decide whom they want to do business with. A socialized Internet takes away that freedom and turns it over to politicians and lobbyists. Why do â€Å"net neutrality’ advocates ridicule politicians for impairing the Internet to a â€Å"series of tubes,† and then trust them to regulate it? (vessels, 2007) The Federal Communications Commission (FCC) has the ability to regulate wireless network providers by reclassifying them as Title II common carrier services, essentially equating them with cable and phone companies. That type of regulation would allow the FCC to impose traffic equality laws on all carriers, where under Washman’s proposal wireless providers would have been exempt. Verizon, AT and wireless association ACTA have opposed the PC’s measures, while Google, Faceable and Keep, among various public interest groups strongly supported them. (Prism, 2010) Phone and cable companies have argued that increased regulation of Internet practices could have a detrimental effect on the industry. They argue that tough regulations could deter network investments and hinder the expansion of broadband infrastructure. The free-speech objection to net neutrality has also gained some ground recently. The National Cable Telecommunications Association (NCAA) and ATT began citing First Amendment objections to net neutrality in public discussions and in filings with the FCC this year. The free-speech argument states that, by interfering with how phone and cable companies deliver Internet traffic the government would be manipulating the free-speech rights of providers such as ATT, Verizon and Compass. Jerome, 201 0) The Federal Communications Commission first established rules in 1 965 for cable systems which received signals by microwave antennas. In March 1 966, the Commission established rules for all cable systems (whether or not served by microwave). The Supreme Court affirmed the Commission’s jurisdiction over cable in United States v. Southwestern Cable Co. , 392 US. 157 (1968). The Court ruled that â€Å"the Commission has reasonably concluded that regulatory authority over CATV is imper ative if it is to perform with appropriate effectiveness certain of its responsibilities. The Court found the Commission needed authority over cable systems to assure the preservation of local broadcast service and to effect an equitable distribution of broadcast services among the various regions of the country. In March 1 972, new rules regarding cable television became effective. These rules required cable television operators to obtain a certificate Of compliance from the Commission prior to operating a cable elevation system or adding a television broadcast signal. The rules applicable to cable operators fell into several broad subject areas franchise standards, signal carriage, network program non-duplication and syndicated program exclusivity, non-broadcast or cable casting services, cross-ownership, equal employment opportunity, and technical standards. Cable television operators who originated programming were subject to equal time, Fairness Doctrine, sponsorship identification and other provisions similar to rules applicable to broadcasters. Cable operators were also required to maintain certain records ND to file annual reports with the Commission concerning general statistics, employment and finances. In succeeding years, the Commission modified or eliminated many of the rules. Among the more significant actions, the Commission deleted most of the franchise standards in 1 977, substituted a registration process for the certificate of compliance application process in 1978, and eliminated the distant signal carriage restrictions and syndicated program exclusivity rules in 1980. In 1 983, the Commission deleted its requirement that cable operators file financial information. In addition, court actions led to the deletion of the pay cable programming rules in 1977. In October 1 984, the U. S. Congress amended the Communications Act of 1 934 by adopting the Cable Communications policy Act of 1984. The 1 984 Cable Act established policies in the areas of ownership, channel usage, franchise provisions and renewals, subscriber rates and privacy, obscenity and lockers, unauthorized reception of services, equal employment opportunity, and pole attachments. The new law also defined jurisdictional boundaries among federal, state and local authorities for regulating cable elevation systems. Following the 1984 Cable Act, the number of households subscribing to cable television systems increased, as did the channel capacity of many cable systems. However, competition among distributors of cable services did not increase, and, in many communities, the rates for cable services far outpaced inflation. Responding to these problems, Congress enacted the Cable Television Consumer protection and Competition Act of 1992. The 1 992 Cable Act mandated a number of changes in the manner in which cable television is regulated. In adopting the 1 992 Cable Act, Congress dated that it wanted to promote the availability of diverse views and information, to rely on the marketplace to the maximum extent possible to achieve that availability, to ensure cable operators continue to expand their capacity and program offerings, to ensure cable operators do not have undue market power, and to ensure consumer interests are protected in the receipt of cable service. The Commission has adopted regulations to implement these goals. In adopting the Telecommunications Act of 1996, Congress noted that it wanted to provide a pro-competitive, De-regulatory national policy ramekin designed to accelerate rapidly private sector deployment of advanced telecommunications and information technologies and services to all Americans by opening all telecommunications markets to competition. The Commission has adopted regulations to implement the requirements of the 1996 Act and the intent of Congress. General Cable Television Industry and Regulation Information Fact Sheet, 2000) In the end life contains complex decision making decisions that come from those with opposing opinions. If we take positive economic results from the past and try to replicate them today, it might begin with clear and concise repertory rights pertaining to the internet. Let the free and open market drive competition to fuel creativity and innovation. How to cite Net Neutrality Paper, Papers

Beowulf Picture Essay Example For Students

Beowulf Picture Essay Beowulf is steeped in a pagan tradition that depicts nature as hostile and forces of death as uncontrollable. Blind fate picks random victims; man is never reconciled with the world. Beowulf ends a failure. There is some truth in this conclusion, but for the most part, someone who didnt have a well-lived life has most likely portrayed it. Beowulf is steeped in a pagan tradition, but not one that depicts nature as hostile. The setting in the beginning is portrayed as, these beautiful plains marked off by oceans, then proudly setting the sun and moon to glow across the land and light it8. This doesnt sound like anything hostile to me; on the contrary, what is being described creates an image of delectation. The corners of the earth were made lovely with trees11 is said. When reading these words, the last thing on my mind would be hostile. Forces of death and blind fate picking random victims may have some truth to them, but fate is something thats very disputed. Snatched up thirty men, smashed them unknowing in their beds37 This may seem like fate had decided who was going to die, but it probably wasnt so. Grendel, slipped through the door36 and snatched himself whomever he could get his hands onto. He most likely came in and killed the first thirty that were sleeping closest to him. He undoubtedly didnt creep over all those men in risk of waking them up and start slaughtering on that side. What if, while he was massacring the group, they would have woken up? The he would have been trapped in the mead hall and would have surely found his death. I imagine Grendel being smarter that that. It wasnt fate that decided who would die that night, but simply those who had slept near the door. Making smart decisions and thinking things over can control your fate, if such a thing exists. Beowulf did not end in failure. How could a man who was known as a hero and King be considered a failure? He cant. He, after defeating Grendels mother, became King of the Geats and was admired by his people. He was showered in gifts as was said. Laden with gifts given him by Hrothgarpg. 34, prologue He lived in peace for fifty years before having to face the dragon; fifty years of peace and prosperity to rejoice over. Many men did not make it to fifty in those days and he was past that and still well off. When he did face the dragon, he knew he wasnt going to come out alive. With glory denied him. He knew it, but he raised his sword228 He was an old man and had done everything he had wanted to do. His life had been a complete one and death would be a welcome overpass. How can one who has long completed his journey in success be a failure? Beowulf defeated Grendel. Beowulf defeated Grendels mother. Beowulf became King of the  Geats. Beowulf lived for fifty years in peace. Beowulf defeated the dragon. Beowulf died a man of honor, loved and respected by his people. He was a noble leader and lived the life of a King. His body was defeated on earth, but his soul and spirit lived on for many years to follow. Beowulf was not a failure.