Immigration Reform The DREAM Act Explained

The term DREAM Act (Development, Relief, and Education for Alien Minors Act) refers to any of several similar bills that have been considered, but so far not passed, by the U.S. Congress that would allow unauthorized alien students, primarily students who were brought into the United States as children by their unauthorized immigrant parents or other adults, to attend college on the same terms as U.S. citizens.Under the 14th Amendment, as interpreted by the U.S. Supreme Court in the 1897 case of U.S. v. Wong Kim Ark, children born to unauthorized aliens while in the United States are classified as American citizens from birth. K-12 Education is Guaranteed Until they reach age 18, the children of unauthorized aliens brought into the U.S. by their parents or adult guardians are not generally subject to government sanctions or deportation because of their lack of legal citizenship status. As a result, these children are eligible to receive free public education from kindergarten through high school in all states.In its 1981 decision in the case of Plyer v. Doe, the U.S. Supreme Court ruled that the right of minor children of unauthorized aliens to receive free public education from kindergarten through high school is protected by the Equal Protection Clause of the 14th Amendment.While school districts are allowed to apply some restrictions, such as a requirement for a birth certificate, they may not deny enrollment because a childs birth certificate is issued by a foreign nation. Similarly, schools districts may not deny enrollment when the childs family is unable to provide a social security number.[   US Citizenship Test Questions  ]The wisdom of providing free public education to children of unauthorized aliens is best summarized by the fear expressed by U.S. Supreme Court Justice William Brennan in Plyer v. Doe, that failure to do so would lead to the creation of a subclass of illiterates within our boundaries, surely adding to the problems and costs of unemployment, welfare and crime.Despite Justice Brennans subclass of illiterates reasoning, several states continue to object to providing free K-12 education to the children of unauthorized aliens, arguing that doing contributes to overcrowded schools, increases costs by requiring bilingual instruction and decreases the ability of American students to learn effectively. But After High School, Problems Arise   Once they finish high school, unauthorized aliens wishing to attend college face a variety of legal obstacles making it difficult, if not impossible for them to do so.A measure in the 1996 Immigration Reform and Immigrant Responsibility Act (IIRIRA) has been held by the courts as prohibiting the states from granting far less expensive in-state tuition status to unauthorized aliens, unless they also offer in-state tuition to all U.S. citizens, regardless of state residency.Specifically, Section 505 of the IIRIRA states that an unauthorized alien shall not be eligible on the basis of residence within a State (or a political subdivision) for any postsecondary education benefit unless a citizen or national of the United States is eligible for such a benefit (in no less an amount, duration, and scope) without regard to whether the citizen or national is such a resident.In addition, under the Higher Education Act (HEA), unauthorized alien students are not eligible to receive federal studen t financial aid.br/>Finally, prior to June 15, 2012, all unauthorized immigrants were subject to being deported once they reached age 18 and were not allowed to work legally in the United States, thus making attending college virtually impossible for them. But then, President Barack Obama exercised his presidential powers as boss of the executive branch agencies to change that. Obamas Deportation Deferral Policy Citing his frustration with the failure of Congress to pass a DREAM Act, President Obama on June 15, 2010, issued a policy authorizing U.S. immigration enforcement officials to grant young illegal immigrants who enter the U.S. before the age of 16, pose no security threat and meet other requirements a two-year deferral from deportation.By also allowing qualified young illegal immigrants to apply for authorization to work legally in the U.S., Obamas deportation deferral policy at least temporarily lowered two of the hurdles blocking illegal immigrants from a college education: the threat of being deported and not being allowed to hold a job.These are young people who study in our schools, they play in our neighborhoods, theyre friends with our kids, they pledge allegiance to our flag, stated President Obama in his speech announcing the new policy. They are Americans in their heart, in their minds, in every single way but one: on paper. They were brought to this country by their parent s -- sometimes even as infants -- and often have no idea that theyre undocumented until they apply for a job or a drivers license, or a college scholarship.President Obama also stressed that his exportation deferral policy was neither amnesty, immunity nor a path to citizenship for young illegal immigrants. But, is it necessarily a path to college and how does it differ from the DREAM Act? What a DREAM Act Would Do Unlike President Obamas deportation deferral policy, most versions of the DREAM Act introduced in past Congresses have provided a path to U.S. citizenship for young illegal immigrants.As described in the Congressional Research Service report, Unauthorized Alien Students: Issues and DREAM Act Legislation, all versions of DREAM act legislation introduced in Congress have included provisions intended to assist young illegal immigrants.Along with repealing sections of the Immigration Reform and Immigrant Responsibility Act of 1996 prohibiting the states from granting in-state tuition to illegal immigrants, most versions of the DREAM Act would enable certain illegal immigrant students to gain U.S. legal permanent resident (LPR) status.[   ducation Nation: 30% of Americans Now Hold Degrees  ]Under the two versions of the DREAM Act introduced in the 112th Congress (S. 952 and H.R. 1842), young illegal immigrants could gain full LPR status through a two-stage process. They would first ga in conditional LPR status after at least 5 years of residing in the U.S. and earning a high school diploma or being admitted to a college, university or other institution of higher education in the United States. They could then gain full LPR status by getting a degree from an institution of higher education in the United States, completing at least two years in a bachelors or higher degree program, or serving for at least two years in the U.S. uniformed services.

Culture Essay - 773 Words

Culture Essay 7/5/2012 Culture Essay There is no specific definition when it comes to the term â€Å"culture.† Culture refers to the cumulative deposit of knowledge, experience, beliefs, values, attitudes, meanings, hierarchies, religion, notions of time, roles, spatial relations, concepts of the universe, and material objects and possessions acquired by a group of people in the course of generations through individual and group striving. Culture is the sum of total of the learned behavior of a group of people that are generally considered to be the tradition of that people and are transmitted from generation to generation. Culture is a collective programming of the mind that distinguishes the members of one group or category of people†¦show more content†¦As I began to grow older, and I became more capable of making my own decisions, I kept most of the traditions that my family had passed onto me, but became open to different cultures knowing that being in the health care field, I was go ing to have to be more accepting of other possibilities and other cultures. Luckily, my family also taught me to be open to other cultures and to not judge people based on their different backgrounds. I believe that any health care provider is going to have to be accepting of other people’s culture and respect their beliefs and traditions when it comes to their health and how it is managed. If health care providers were to only take their culture and beliefs into consideration, the patient’s care become the least important, which in fact, could jeopardize their health, and the level of respect goes down. My views, when it comes to health care, have not necessarily changed, but have led me to become more open to natural remedies, and to not rely on the use of medication. Working in an ER, I see people everyday that cannot live without the use of narcotics, or other types of medication; I try not to judge, but I wonder that if they were brought up the way I was, they wou ld not have to rely on narcotics. Either way, I try to learn a little about each patient’s culture, and take theirShow MoreRelatedEssay on The Numbing of the American Mind: Culture as Anesthetic1405 Words   |  6 PagesENLIGHTENED SURRENDER How many essays have been written about American culture? How many books dedicated to the intense scrutiny of every aspect of our modern society? Countless thoughts, countless theories—many of them lost in the very chaos that the authors spent 300 pages explaining. 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Net Neutrality Paper Free Essays

Capitalism is an economic system characterized by private or corporate ownership of capital goods, by investments that are determined by private decision, and by prices, production, and the distribution of goods that are determined mainly by competition in a free market. (Merriam-Webster Online, 2010) The United States of America is considered a â€Å"free market†, in some cases. Internet Seen,’ice Providers own the tangible cables and pipes providing the service of connectivity to the internet. We will write a custom essay sample on Net Neutrality Paper or any similar topic only for you Order Now They are the bridge. They own the bridge. In a free market, they can regulate heir bridge how they see fit, within the parameters of the law. This same model is expressed by cell phone companies in the communication industry as well as cable companies in the television industry. Cellular phone companies own all the variables that make up their network. They then sell you service to connect to their network based off of their interpretation of what the market will allow. They dictate what you pay, how much usage you are allowed and what types of usages are allowed. Cable companies evolved in the same manner. Once a free entertainment source is now a billion dollar year industry marked with the footprints of capitalism. Cable companies put forth the ground work to make the cable experience what it is today. In return, they profit from their investments to do so. They also dictate what we pay and what types of usage we are allowed. These cable and cellular communication companies have thrived in our free market mentality but in the same instance have been regulated by government when it applies to the internet. In the same way they own the physical cables, the pipes underground, the satellites and the air space, they are providing the bridge. Without their bridges, the consumer cannot access the internet. In a free market society, we tell companies to manage their business according to what the market will allow. The market has allowed the cell phone industry to operate without regulation. The cable companies have thrived without regulation under the allowance of the market. The internet is no different. Property is any physical or intangible entity that is owned or possessed by a person or jointly by a group of people. Property is synonymous with ownership. Ownership is the exclusive right to possess and dispose of what oh own. â€Å"When you pull out the government, you take out socialism, and when you remove the rights of ownership and place the benefits broadly on the least able to pay for them, you have communism. It isn’t yet clear if socialism will work in the U. S. , and it is doubly doubtful that communism (aka â€Å"Net neutrality†) will ever work. † (Ender, 2010) In economic terms, calculability is the ability to exclude others from use of a good. Rivalry is when one person’s use of a good diminishes another’s ability to use that good. When you have a resource that doesn’t have calculability but does display rivalry you have what is known as ‘Tragedy of the Commons† which is an overused, under maintained resource (aka â€Å"the free-rider problem†). In Africa arose the possibility of the elephant becoming extinct from humans killing them for their hides and tusks. Two countries decided to act against this problem, Kenya and Rhodesia. Kenya took the approach of placing a ban on elephant poaching while Rhodesia gave property owners Private Property Rights to the elephants with incentives for elephant maintenance. Jenny’s elephant population decreased while Rhodesia increased dramatically. The conclusion of when property rights are given, ownership of property motivates protection and care for the property more efficiently than federal regulations. In economic terms the internet would be classified as an Clubbable resource. The classification of rival or non-rival is debatable due to bandwidth. However if we look at this example from the rival standpoint, it bears identical resemblance of the private goods industry. When property rights are given with incentives, the elephant will prosper. If ownership is revoked and regulations are implemented by government, we have Tragedy of the commons. Sip’s currently don’t have incentives to make broadband bandwidth accessible in all parts of our country due to lack of profitability. Therefore our elephant population (internet) will decrease. This is a simple example of how capitalism is a great model for economical success. It is the same model that has molded our country for over two centuries. Why the model is continually changing I do not know. The Internet is not public property. Telecommunications companies have spent billions Of dollars on network infrastructure all over the world. They did so in the hope of selling communications services to customers willing to pay for them. The government has no right to effectively nationalize Sip’s by telling them how run their networks. Proponents of net neutrality love to invent hypothetical scenarios of ways companies could abuse customers. It is true that a free society gives people the freedom to be stupid, wrong, and even malicious. The great thing about capitalism is that it also gives people the freedom to decide whom they want to do business with. A socialized Internet takes away that freedom and turns it over to politicians and lobbyists. Why do â€Å"net neutrality’ advocates ridicule politicians for impairing the Internet to a â€Å"series of tubes,† and then trust them to regulate it? (vessels, 2007) The Federal Communications Commission (FCC) has the ability to regulate wireless network providers by reclassifying them as Title II common carrier services, essentially equating them with cable and phone companies. That type of regulation would allow the FCC to impose traffic equality laws on all carriers, where under Washman’s proposal wireless providers would have been exempt. Verizon, AT and wireless association ACTA have opposed the PC’s measures, while Google, Faceable and Keep, among various public interest groups strongly supported them. (Prism, 2010) Phone and cable companies have argued that increased regulation of Internet practices could have a detrimental effect on the industry. They argue that tough regulations could deter network investments and hinder the expansion of broadband infrastructure. The free-speech objection to net neutrality has also gained some ground recently. The National Cable Telecommunications Association (NCAA) and ATT began citing First Amendment objections to net neutrality in public discussions and in filings with the FCC this year. The free-speech argument states that, by interfering with how phone and cable companies deliver Internet traffic the government would be manipulating the free-speech rights of providers such as ATT, Verizon and Compass. Jerome, 201 0) The Federal Communications Commission first established rules in 1 965 for cable systems which received signals by microwave antennas. In March 1 966, the Commission established rules for all cable systems (whether or not served by microwave). The Supreme Court affirmed the Commission’s jurisdiction over cable in United States v. Southwestern Cable Co. , 392 US. 157 (1968). The Court ruled that â€Å"the Commission has reasonably concluded that regulatory authority over CATV is imper ative if it is to perform with appropriate effectiveness certain of its responsibilities. The Court found the Commission needed authority over cable systems to assure the preservation of local broadcast service and to effect an equitable distribution of broadcast services among the various regions of the country. In March 1 972, new rules regarding cable television became effective. These rules required cable television operators to obtain a certificate Of compliance from the Commission prior to operating a cable elevation system or adding a television broadcast signal. The rules applicable to cable operators fell into several broad subject areas franchise standards, signal carriage, network program non-duplication and syndicated program exclusivity, non-broadcast or cable casting services, cross-ownership, equal employment opportunity, and technical standards. Cable television operators who originated programming were subject to equal time, Fairness Doctrine, sponsorship identification and other provisions similar to rules applicable to broadcasters. Cable operators were also required to maintain certain records ND to file annual reports with the Commission concerning general statistics, employment and finances. In succeeding years, the Commission modified or eliminated many of the rules. Among the more significant actions, the Commission deleted most of the franchise standards in 1 977, substituted a registration process for the certificate of compliance application process in 1978, and eliminated the distant signal carriage restrictions and syndicated program exclusivity rules in 1980. In 1 983, the Commission deleted its requirement that cable operators file financial information. In addition, court actions led to the deletion of the pay cable programming rules in 1977. In October 1 984, the U. S. Congress amended the Communications Act of 1 934 by adopting the Cable Communications policy Act of 1984. The 1 984 Cable Act established policies in the areas of ownership, channel usage, franchise provisions and renewals, subscriber rates and privacy, obscenity and lockers, unauthorized reception of services, equal employment opportunity, and pole attachments. The new law also defined jurisdictional boundaries among federal, state and local authorities for regulating cable elevation systems. Following the 1984 Cable Act, the number of households subscribing to cable television systems increased, as did the channel capacity of many cable systems. However, competition among distributors of cable services did not increase, and, in many communities, the rates for cable services far outpaced inflation. Responding to these problems, Congress enacted the Cable Television Consumer protection and Competition Act of 1992. The 1 992 Cable Act mandated a number of changes in the manner in which cable television is regulated. In adopting the 1 992 Cable Act, Congress dated that it wanted to promote the availability of diverse views and information, to rely on the marketplace to the maximum extent possible to achieve that availability, to ensure cable operators continue to expand their capacity and program offerings, to ensure cable operators do not have undue market power, and to ensure consumer interests are protected in the receipt of cable service. The Commission has adopted regulations to implement these goals. In adopting the Telecommunications Act of 1996, Congress noted that it wanted to provide a pro-competitive, De-regulatory national policy ramekin designed to accelerate rapidly private sector deployment of advanced telecommunications and information technologies and services to all Americans by opening all telecommunications markets to competition. The Commission has adopted regulations to implement the requirements of the 1996 Act and the intent of Congress. General Cable Television Industry and Regulation Information Fact Sheet, 2000) In the end life contains complex decision making decisions that come from those with opposing opinions. If we take positive economic results from the past and try to replicate them today, it might begin with clear and concise repertory rights pertaining to the internet. Let the free and open market drive competition to fuel creativity and innovation. How to cite Net Neutrality Paper, Papers

Beowulf Picture Essay Example For Students

Beowulf Picture Essay Beowulf is steeped in a pagan tradition that depicts nature as hostile and forces of death as uncontrollable. Blind fate picks random victims; man is never reconciled with the world. Beowulf ends a failure. There is some truth in this conclusion, but for the most part, someone who didnt have a well-lived life has most likely portrayed it. Beowulf is steeped in a pagan tradition, but not one that depicts nature as hostile. The setting in the beginning is portrayed as, these beautiful plains marked off by oceans, then proudly setting the sun and moon to glow across the land and light it8. This doesnt sound like anything hostile to me; on the contrary, what is being described creates an image of delectation. The corners of the earth were made lovely with trees11 is said. When reading these words, the last thing on my mind would be hostile. Forces of death and blind fate picking random victims may have some truth to them, but fate is something thats very disputed. Snatched up thirty men, smashed them unknowing in their beds37 This may seem like fate had decided who was going to die, but it probably wasnt so. Grendel, slipped through the door36 and snatched himself whomever he could get his hands onto. He most likely came in and killed the first thirty that were sleeping closest to him. He undoubtedly didnt creep over all those men in risk of waking them up and start slaughtering on that side. What if, while he was massacring the group, they would have woken up? The he would have been trapped in the mead hall and would have surely found his death. I imagine Grendel being smarter that that. It wasnt fate that decided who would die that night, but simply those who had slept near the door. Making smart decisions and thinking things over can control your fate, if such a thing exists. Beowulf did not end in failure. How could a man who was known as a hero and King be considered a failure? He cant. He, after defeating Grendels mother, became King of the Geats and was admired by his people. He was showered in gifts as was said. Laden with gifts given him by Hrothgarpg. 34, prologue He lived in peace for fifty years before having to face the dragon; fifty years of peace and prosperity to rejoice over. Many men did not make it to fifty in those days and he was past that and still well off. When he did face the dragon, he knew he wasnt going to come out alive. With glory denied him. He knew it, but he raised his sword228 He was an old man and had done everything he had wanted to do. His life had been a complete one and death would be a welcome overpass. How can one who has long completed his journey in success be a failure? Beowulf defeated Grendel. Beowulf defeated Grendels mother. Beowulf became King of the  Geats. Beowulf lived for fifty years in peace. Beowulf defeated the dragon. Beowulf died a man of honor, loved and respected by his people. He was a noble leader and lived the life of a King. His body was defeated on earth, but his soul and spirit lived on for many years to follow. Beowulf was not a failure.

The Sandbox Essays - Edward Albee, Theatre Of The Absurd

The Sandbox Canndice Green English 102 November 29, 1999 In reading Edward Albee's The Sandbox directly out of the text, it seemed to be a trite and dull play. I was left with feeling after I read the play in the book, that if anything this boring could get published so could I some time in the future. Yet, to see it performed live by my fellow classmates, it revealed much of the dynamics of that family. In being able to see it performed among my classmates; my actual opinion of the play did modify. I was able to be more open and understanding to the message and the actual motivation of the play. My original opinion of this play was that if was of a family that was too busy to care about the needs of the elderly grandmother. It had managed to rap itself so tightly in the daily bind not to care about any actual member of the family that could be sick or aging. A family that had established itself to a point that having to contend with the grandmother throws the entire situation off. In seeing the play performed live I grew to understand that my original assumption was precise yet, there was more going on than I read. It is a family that is dealing with having to cope with an elderly parent. The roles of parenting have changed the child has now become the parent. It about a family has to cope and re-adjust their lives to manage the new person. Also a problem with dealing with the elderly is dealing with the fact that they are closer to death. The realities that the Mom would be losing her own mother soon, which leaves some harsh feelings. Death is an actual theme that I could tell throughout the play. The play confronts being alive and how to behave with the awareness of death. It calls the reader and the people who will view the play live, not to live in fear of death that it is such a natural next step of life. It is has some streaks of optimism, because the play makes the assumption that it is possible to communicate with other people. That in the end the natural element that makes life a workable situation is to be able to talk to each other. The play is a good example of a family dealing with change and transition. It is a family that is adjusting to the change of a loved one. The play allows the reader from dark humored perspective understand the pain an anger of old aged. It would be the definition of the song the Little of Lady from Pasadena how as we get older we do slow down but grow. I found the play to be a good look at the current trends in society. That this society has a problem with how to treat the elderly, how to respect the wealth of knowledge that they have. This society has a function to serve the young and when the elderly hit a certain point they have used the potential and a discarded. The play reflects modern trends on the elderly and the perspective of how they are dealt with. Physics

Modernism

Modernism In Miller's Death of a salesman the theme of individual powerlessness is re-occurring. The entire play is based on the life of a man who has basically failed at everything he has done. All this bad fortune is not just Willy Loman's fault, he has to face the cruel reality for the world and try to cope with it. Unfortunately Willy fails at his attempt of coping with the real world. The theme of individual powerlessness and alienation is not just re-occurring in Death Of A Salesman. Individual powerlessness is a very common theme in modernism. Many other modern poets and writers show this same theme in their work. E.E. Cummings is a great example of a modern poet who shows the theme of individual powerlessness and alienation.Miller does a wonderful job in showing the theme of individual powerlessness and alienation that Willy goes through in Death Of A Salesman.Death of a Salesman (1951 film)Willy has a very hard life, which leads him to do several stupid acts. Willy is faced with so mu ch grief that he attempts to commit suicide several times by crashing his car. To some extent Willy is not the one responsible for all the bad things that have happened to him throughout his life. Society has rejected Willy and his old fashioned thinking. Society, at this point has evolved so quickly that Willy has not been able to catch up. So in a way, society is the one responsible for alienating Willy. He has not been able to recover from this new change in the world. Willy is seen as a loser, a no-body, someone who has not accomplished anything in his life. Willy's last action of powerlessness was his suicide.E.E. Cummings, along side of Arthur Miller, both wrote modern literature. Both these authors showed... Modernism A good example of Modernism is a short story called I Stand Here Ironing by Tillie Olsen. This story not only portrays gender roles but also family roles. Here the narrator is a mother giving the reader a glimpse into her life, choices she made as a mother, and being a single parent. Through her defense of her situation, she exposes to the reader the underlying insecurities that riddle her mind about her mothering. The tale opens with the narrator explaining the pain she feels when she is reminded of her past and the choices she made. The main character reflects on how the situation may or may not have affected her child Emily. As she suggests, although it is years later, she still does not have time for her children. The mother feels all her children after Emily have had it better. With that said, I shall try to explore the question. What is the difference from then and now? As a young mother, the narrator expresses how she wanted to be the best mother, the right mother for her child Emily. She admits that she was a first time mother ...with all the rigidity of first motherhood... She reads books to educate her self and she believes the experts and what makes the best kind of mother. Tillie Olsen writes about how the character, through physical sacrifice, nursed her child. The story raises our awareness of gender and family roles by the comments of the narrator. We become aware of the constraints we place upon ourselves to fit in with what the majority believes each role in a family should be. The character confesses that she had to parent alone, a nineteen-year-old single parent, and sarcastically quotes a note her husband left for her ...he could no longer endure. Tillie Olsen leaves us, the reader with the sense that the character in the story now feels more of a failure. Because of the thinking of her time, she should be married. It is unfortunate that her h...

Tech Article Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Tech Article - Essay Example So the work of the technology is to identify all moving objects with the aid of computer chipped tags. Lui and Chen 2009, in their article titled â€Å"Applications of RFID technology for improving production efficiency in an integrated-circuit packaging house†, defined the radio frequency identification (RFID) as an emerging technology that can be used to expand the possibilities for data capture. They stress that one of the primary use of the RFID technology, is for process control and material handling applications which can produce benefits of flexibility and interactivity. (2203) Potential impact for companies Lui and Chen 2009, explains that an integrated-circuit (IC) packaging house must be able to provide clients with instant and accurate information on its products and services. In other to do that properly, an IC packaging house must keep track of all its wafers, regardless of whether those wafers are in packaging, testing, or shipping. In other to achieve this, the company combines the RFID technology with an enterprise resource planning otherwise known as an ERP system for resolving various wafer receiving and inventory transaction problems. An electronic control system is thus developed using Oracle application implementation methodology or (AIM) to integrate RFID technology and the ERP system.

Reaction Paper Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words - 11

Reaction Paper - Essay Example Stiglitz emphasizes the problem of inequality and considers it to be the main aspect that prevents the economy of the United States from the recovery. The author is sure that it is inequality that does not allow American children to have equal opportunities and to develop. He argues that the parents of a great number of children will not be able to pay the loan they take to provide their child with education in all ones born days (Stiglitz). The author of the third article not only states that inequality inhibits the growth but also wants to reveal the reasons of inequality. According to the author, during last several years the demand for goods and services declined as only rich people were able to pay for them. He explains it by the fact that the development of technology made many people loose the job as the technologies replaced people at the workplace. This led to the high level of unemployment

Contemporary Criminology Theories and the Changing Conditions of the Essay

Contemporary Criminology Theories and the Changing Conditions of the Post Modern Society - Essay Example Narrowing this concept down to the realm of criminology, Borowski quoted James Wilson has saying, â€Å"the only morally defensible and efficacious strategy for reducing crime is to attack its root cause (Borowski, 2). In the attempt to attack criminology from its root causes, scientist and philosophers, over time, have evolved countless theories, each theory seeking to better explain the logical causal reasoning behind crime and criminal motivation. Policies and programmes aimed at the reduction and prevention of crime have been, understandably, always based on one or more of these theories, with the utility of such policies and systems depending on the strength or weakness of such theories. This paper first reviews the concept and definitions of crime and criminology; it then examines some of the notable contemporary theories, Classicism, Individual Positivism, Law and Order Conservatism, Social Disorganization and Anomies/Strain theories. These theories selected to examine a broad theoretical perspective from individual to social theories and finally re-appraises the relevance of these theories and their compliance or otherwise with the conditions obtainable in a postmodern society. Criminology is an advanced theoretical field of study and should be differentiated from Criminal Justice, which focuses on the component of justice system such as courts, police and correction and/or rehabilitation facilities. Criminology embodies a wide array of theories and hypotheses seeking to explain the root cause(s) of criminal behaviours, the tendency towards and the pattern of criminal activities and also attempts a prognostic utility in the reduction and prevention of crime. Wikipedia online encyclopaedia describes criminology as a social phenomenon that includes the causes and consequences of crime, criminal behaviours as well as the development and effectiveness of policies and penal system. Criminology has a long history dating back to Lombroso; who is generally considered as the father of criminology, in the late nineteenth century. It has since become a separate field of study, completely divorcing itself from sociology, the parent social discipline. Over the years, criminology has developed its own method of thinking, analysis and hypotheses testing and has evolved theories that explain, in details, norms and values on which the society is based, what constitute crime and criminal behaviours against the society, and ideas, methods or policies that may be utilized in combating and reducing crime. Regardless of societal variance, each community or social group of people are guided by a set of established norms and belief system on which co-existence, mutual trust and family ties are based. Violation of these, in whatever form, constitute what is known as criminal behaviour. Crime may be seen from different perspectives, depending on the values of each society, crime against the individual or crime against the state. When the responsibility of dealing with crime, establishing guilt and appropriately punishing offenders is vested on the state authority, crime is seen as a violation of social order and thus an act against the state. But, when this responsibility is shared among every member of a community, criminal acts are therefore seen as offences against individuals, and the community, victim and offender inclusive, determines what appropriate sanctions the criminal act deserves. Nevertheless, what constitute

The Mid Autumn Moon Festival Theology Religion Essay

The Mid Autumn Moon Festival Theology Religion Essay China is among the well known countries in the world for a variety of desirable tradition of folk art and traditional festivals (Morrissey Lee, 2006). The culture of the country is filled with unique symbols which are widely enjoyed by Chinese people and people in other countries who had cultural exchange with China. According to Morrissey and Lee (2006), the festivals are not only celebrated by Chinese people but also celebrated by people in other countries such as in Asia who share Chinese culture. This paper seeks to identify and discuss some of important festivals which are important to Chinese tradition. The second part of the study will compare the Chinese festivals with Indonesian festivals. Chinese Festivals As acknowledged in the introduction, China enjoys a variety of festivals; each of the festival has a unique meaning to the Chinese people and people who share Chinese culture. One of the widely celebrated festivals in China is Mid-Autumn Moon Festival known as Zhongqiu Jie in Chinese language (Morrissey Lee, 2006). This festival is used to mark the appearance of new moon in every mid-September. That is the same time when Chinese people celebrate good harvests of that year. During this time moon appears near the horizon which makes it appear bigger and round than usual. People spare their time and join their families and loved ones to watch the new moon (Morrissey Lee, 2006). The Mid-Autumn Moon Festival in other words the Moon Festival is a special event in China observed to honor female goddess of the moon called the Chang E (Morrissey Lee, 2006). The festival honors the female goddess of the moon, the females or the women in the families are the ones supposed to prepare for the celebrations. Morrissey and Lee (2006) points out that, the women hung moon papers on doors which are posters made of bamboo. The posters are called Yueguang maer in Chinese local language. The bamboo posters are split into three parts including a picture of Chang E at the top, moon goddess at the center of the poster and a picture of Jade Rabbit believed to live in the moon (Pan Tang, 2004). During the Mid-Autumn Moon Festival Chinese people and those who share Chinese culture buy rabbit sculptures and statutes for their families and loved ones at home (Morrissey Lee, 2006). As a sign of gratitude and sharing of joy, many kinds of offerings and special foods are prepared to mark the Moon-Autumn festival. During that festival celebration, women prepare Yue Bing which is a round moon-cake (Morrissey Lee, 2006). The cake is decorated with different sweet filings including walnuts pastes, dates pastes, and mashed beans to make the cake as sweet as possible for the people. According to Morrissey and Lee (2006), the moon cakes are very popular especially in the southern China. Other ingredients such as coconut, lotus seed paste and egg Yolk are put at the center of the cake to symbolize the moon. The cakes are usually eaten the same night when the moon appears in the horizon as people celebrate (Pan Tang, 2004). The other equally significant Chinese festival is the Dragon Boat Festival called Duanwu Jie in Chinese local language. This festival started approximately two centuries ago in southern China. It is used to honor the dragon god believed to control rivers and rainfall in China. During this festival, people pray through Dragon god for the rain to feed their rice plants (Morrissey Lee, 2006). The Dragon Boat Festival in China has not been forgotten to date; the festival is currently an exiting event across the country and is used to celebrate the beginning of summer in the country. To mark this festival, people parade in rivers with their boats where they organize boat contests or race to entertain people (Morrissey Lee, 2006). During that day people also prepare different special meals. The Dragon Boat Festival is celebrated on every fifth day of the fifth moon which mostly happens on the 21st day of June every year (Morrissey and Lee, 2006). This festival is also used in remembrance of QuYuan who was a very famous Chinese patriotic poet. The boats used in the competition in the lakes and rivers are usually made taking the shape of a dragon. The capacity of the boats is approximately 80 people (rowers) (Morrissey and Lee, 2006). The rowers paddle as drums are played to make the event as entertaining as possible. According to Chinese customs, the dragon day or the fifth day of the fifth moon is a very dangerous time. The day is associated with evil. The dragon races are therefore meant to protect people from such evil. At the end of the competition, those who were participating in the race are supposed to throw offerings into the river and lakes. That is believed to drown all the evils thus making people secure (Chambers, 2004). Before people live for the celebration, they tie different crops such as sweet-flag, garlic and mugwort on their front doors to protect their loved ones from evil. During the dragon boat festival people also carry xiang bao which are sachets with sweet-smelling flowers and herbs to guard themselves from the evil. Another very important festival in China is the Clear Brightness known s as Qing ming Jie in Chinese local language. That day which is also called the Tomb Sweeping Day is used to mark the beginning of spring and the end of winter. The festival mostly occurs on the 4th, 5th, or 6th day of April each year (Chambers, 2004). To mark this day, Chinese people and those who share Chinese custom take time to remember their common ancestors and loved ones who passed away in the previous year. They usually visit the tombs or graves where those people were buried. When visiting the graves, people are very happy making the occasion very cheerful, they usually prepare foods for the ancestors and go to clean and weed the tombs (Chambers, 2004). According to Chinese customs, the dead people are not separated from the living, the living and the dead are usually connected in many ways. The dead or the ancestors are supposed to be very much respected and not forgotten lest they harm the living. During the Clear Festival, people and relatives clean family graves, take beautiful flowers to the graves and burn paper money to please the spirit of the dead. Wine and foods are also taken to the graves as a symbol of love and concern for the ancestors and their late loved ones. Most important to note is the point that, people do not just move to gravesites together, different groups go to different sites (Pan Tang, 2004). Grandparents, aunts, uncles an cousins have their rseparate grave sites where they go during that festival. The coffins are not buried underground but left outside the tombs placed on mounds of earth commonly called the burial mounds, this Chinese traditional practice begun 1,500 years ago. Moreover, the ancestor worship in Chinese culture is a sign of respect for the dead. During such worshiping event, the ancestors are treated like living beings (Pan and Tang, 2004). The ancestors are worshiped to please them so that they do not harm the living. However, the ancestors are not believed to be as powerful as gods and therefore they cannot punish the relatives but gods can do. During the Clear Brightness Festival, the ancestors are supposed to try their best to help the living if they are requested to do so (Pan Tang, 2004). If the ancestors fail to help the living people up on request during that festival, the living abandons or ignore them implying that they no longer offer fruits, paper money or other foods to them (ancestors) (Pan Tang, 2004). In any case if the ancestors are ignored, they become external ghosts and they start loafing around in search of food. Chinese also celebrate dengjie or the Lantern Festival on the 15th day of every first month of the year. The festival is used to mark the end of a year and the beginning of a new year. The lanterns are carried in the streets during the last night of the New Year holiday (Pan Tang, 2004). Thousand of people celebrate all over the streets being hopeful of the New Year fortunes and end of the may been hardships of the just ended year. This festival began 1400 years ago in the history of China (Sievert, 2006). People carry lanterns made from all materials some made of papers, glass other of wood and in different sizes and shapes. Often such festival is mostly celebrated in the city of Harbin located far north of China. The lanterns used in the city for this festival are made of ice taken from rivers. As pointed out by Sievert (2006), the lanterns are usually painted with different Chinese symbols, historical scenes or characters while other lanterns are made in shapes of important anima ls in Chinese traditions such as dragons and crabs. The lanterns are made during the year in preparations of the festival. The lion dance also called the shi wu in Chinese local language and long wu (dragon dance) are performed to mark the Lantern Festival (Chambers, 2004). On this special day, men put on colorful lion heads to disguise themselves. The dragon to serve in this festival is made of bamboo rods with colorful cloth, 20 to 30 feet long (Chambers, 2004). The manmade dragon is then held up on poles to make it firm thus possible to be moved along the streets as people celebrate. The culture of dragon dance is not only practiced in China but also in San Francisco. Another remarkable Chinese festival is the Lunar New Year Festival locally called the Xinnian. This is celebrated each year in the history if China (Wei, 2011). It is a very cheerful day longed by many people both Chinese and who share Chinese culture. It is celebrated during the first day of first new moon. According to Chambers (2004), the event lasts for two weeks during which people share their joy with their families and friends. The 1st day of January marks the beginning of a new year in China. However, the New Year Festive follows the lunar calendar. The festive begins on the night preceding the lunar month and continuous until the 15th day of the Lantern Festival (Wei, 2011). To mark this festival, people worship different gods and spirits. People take their time during the celebration to clean their homes (Flanagan, Zhurkina Labbo, 2004). During this the New Year Festive people also clear their outstanding debts to ensure they start the New Year without debts. The elders al so distribute lucky money (Hong bao) in closed red envelops to children to make the New Year a year full of opportunities (Flanagan, Zhurkina Labbo, 2004). The young person visits their friends and businesses are closed for days to celebrate the New Year. The markets are not left out during the New Year festival, every corner of the market is filled with special foods and different decorations. As argued by Flanagan, Zhurkina and Labbo (2004), the fireworks are used to electrify that New Year holiday. Lively music, lion and dragon dances are used to entertain people during the New Year Festival. According to Wei (2011), families also decorate their doors with beautiful pictures of lucky symbols and gods. People come together to wish for the new year to be full of happiness, riches and good fortunes for their families and loved ones (Flanagan, Zhurkina Labbo, 2004). Comparison between Chinese festivals and Indonesian festivals Festival celebrations in Indonesia are mostly religion-based. The country consists of many ethnic groups including Hindu, Christians and Muslims and has varied local traditions. Nearly every month in Indonesia there is a certain festival event (Ver, 2010). Just like in China, some of the celebrations are used to mark the end of a year and a beginning of a new. The following are popular festive seasons celebrated in Indonesia in close comparison to Chinese festivals. The people of Indonesia just like does the Chinese celebrate the New Years Day. The festive day is called the Tahun Baru in Indonesian local language and it is the 1st public holiday in every year in the country (Backshall, 2003). This event is what the Chinese refer to as Xinnian. Just like in China where people welcome the New Year by celebrating in streets, in Indonesia the New Year is celebrated with fireworks, street celebrations and other kinds of celebrations (Ver, 2010). Just like Chinese people visit relatives in New Festival celebrations. People Indonesia and mostly Christians visit each other on the wake of New Year and also go to churches to wish good fortunes for the New Year. Just like Chinese celebrate QuYuan; a popular and patriotic poet on the 21st day of June, in Indonesia people mark the end of March and beginning of April by celebrating Garebeg Maulad which is a festive meant to remember the birth day of Prophet Muhammad (Vaisutis, 2007). On that day, Muslims move in big towns reciting Koran (Backshall, 2003). This celebration begins seven days before the actual event and lasts for one month. Just like people in China go to nearby lakes and rivers during the Dragon Boat Festival where they give offerings and the evils are believed to drown in the water, in Indonesia, a public holiday called Nyepi or the solar New Year is held at the spring equinox (Backshall, 2003). During that day, every business in the island and people remain silent. That was meant to prevent thwarts by evil annoyed by the previous nights activities (Lexus, 1997). It is believed that the spirit would assume there were no people in that island and will leave the island causing no harm to the people. The day before the Nyepi Festival, special people carry offerings and sacred objects and go to lakes and rivers to give offerings wishing for blessings for their people (Backshall, 2003). As discussed in the Chinese customs, any person could go to rivers and lakes, watch the dragon boat race and from there the contesters just like special people in Indonesia were supposed to give offerings believed to help in drowning evil spirit thus preventing them from harming the people (Backshall, 2003). Unlike in Chinese traditions where people are free to move up and down during Dragon Boat Festival, in Indonesia during the Nyepi Festival people have to observe some rules (Zuehlke, 2006). For instance, visitors are not allowed to move for twenty hours during that festival. They should remain in their visiting restaurants, or choose not to visit the island during Nyepi Festival celebration (Rasmussen, 2010). Just like the Chinese people celebrate Clear Brightness also known as Qing Ming Jie to remember their dead loved ones and common ancestors, in Indonesia, every fifth month of the year (May) people celebrate Waisak Day. That festival marks the birth and death of Buddha at Candi Mendut in Yogyakarta (Zuehlke, 2006). In the same way Chinese people move to graves carrying flowers and foods to remember their dead relatives and common ancestors, in Indonesia people carry flowers, candles and images of Buddha. That is meant to commemorate the Ascension of Buddha (Rasmussen, 2010). In Indonesia ancestors or the dead are connected with the living. The same traditions are present in Chinese traditions where ancestors are believed to influence the lives of the living people. The only differences are the names where in Chinese traditions the common dead people are ancestors while in Indonesia are referred to as prophets (Backshall, 2003). For instance, in Indonesia, Prophet Mohammad is believed to speak with God and return to earth with important instructions for the people (Zuehlke, 2006). The prophet thus influences the lives of the living in many ways just like ancestors in Chinese traditions are believed to influence the daily activities of the people. During Maulud Festival in which people celebrates the birth day of Prophet Mohammad, people also visit the tombs of famous religious leaders just like Chinese people would visit tombs of common ancestors. Zuehlke (2006) points out that, in Indonesia the foods prepared are not taken to graves like done in Chinese traditions, the special foods prepared during the Maulud Festival are given to people who attends the celebrations either in Mosques or in streets (Zuehlke, 2006). Rice decorated with cakes and burns are the common types of foods prepared for that festival. In the same manner the Chinese traditions observe the appearance of the new moon or Moon Festival also called the Zhongqiu Jie, Indonesian people celebrate Wesak on the day of new moon in the spring (Zuehlke, 2006). The day marks the birthday of Buddha as well as the day he passed away. People go to temples to celebrate together marking that important festival. Gongs and drums are played just like drums are played in Chinese traditions during Dragon Boat Festival. The event also involves dancing while keeping a distant from the statute of Buddha. During this event, the rich people give free food not to ancestors but to the poor people who pass by (Backshall, 2003). Conclusion A close look in the Chinese festival and the Indonesian festival shows that, while Chinese festival concentrated much on traditions and mostly on ancestral believes, the Indonesian festivals are mostly based on religions. In Indonesia most of festivals are meant to commemorate prophets inform of birthday celebrations. On the other hand the Chinese festivals are linked with marking end and beginning of seasons such new years where people meet to wish for fortunes and protections from evil. However, in the two countries, the festival celebrations use similar symbols like cakes, fireworks, and moon during the festival. The differences are possibly due to ethnic compositions of the people in the two countries where Indonesia is multi-ethnic country with Christians, Hindu and Islam who are the majority. China on the other hand comprises of majority Chinese people with widely common traditions.

Aztecs :: essays research papers fc

AZTECS The Aztecs came from Azatlan which is the mythical place of origin(Aztecs of Lost Civilization). Huizilopochtli, the god of war, told the Aztecs to leave Azatlan and wander until they saw an eagle perched on a cactus growing out of a rock and eating a snake(Los Aztecas). The Aztecs traveled many years to find the legend and finally found it while at Lake Texcoco. Lake Texcoco was ruled by the Toltecs between the 10th and 11th centuries(Microsoft Encarta Encyclopedia). Since many other tribes also migrated to Lake Texcoco at the same time, the Aztecs were pushed out to the westside of the lake to a swampy area. The only piece of dry land they had was a little island surrounded by marshes. Over a long period of time they built their empire with chinapas. Chinapas were formed by piling up mud from the lake bottom to make little islands(Aztec Empire History). Tenochtitlan (currently Mexico City), which means "Place of the Cactus", became the capital in 1325 and soon there came many islands in which bridges were built to connect the mainland (Los Aztecas). They also dug canals and constructed aqueducts. There were many religious structures, and they built temples and pyramids. By 1502 the Aztec Empire expanded from Guatemala to San Luis Potosi which is in Central and Southern Mexico and extended 800 miles along a northwest-southeast axis. The Aztecs conquered many cities and all became part of the empire which was wedged between high mountains and surrounded by lakes(Aztecs of Lost Civilization/ Azetc Empire History). The three social classes of the Aztecs were slave, commoner, and nobility. The slaves (lowest class) were basically servants, although they could buy there way to freedom or if they escaped from their masters and reached the royal palace without being caught they would earn their way to freedom. There were two kinds of commoners (middle class). The maceualtin were given a lifetime ownership of a plot of land in which they would build their house on. The tlalmaitl were tenant farmers. The nobility (highest class) were usually rulers, chiefs, or nobles(Aztecs/ Microsoft Encarta Encyclopedia). The Aztecs typical home was on a log raft covered with mud which had plants on it that stabled the raft with its roots. The home usually had it’s back to a canal with a canoe tied at the door so they could have efficient transportation(Aztec Empire History).

General Adaptation Syndrome

The steps of the general adaptation syndrome that I would experience are alarm reaction, which is the body’s initial response to any stressors. This reaction mobilizes or arouses the body in preparation to defend itself against a stressor. This reaction involves a number of body changes, which are initiated by the brain and further regulated by the endocrine system and the sympathetic division of the autonomic nervous system. The next stage of the general adaptation syndrome I would experience is the resistance stage. This stage occurs if the stressor, which initiated the alarm reaction, is not dealt with. The body is attempting to restore the lost energy and repair the bodily damage. The final stage of the general adaptation syndrome that I would experience is the exhaustion stage. If stressors are still not dealt with, the body becomes exhausted, muscles become fatigued, and the body is then depleted of the resources required for combating stress. The emotional effects will make each day intolerable and filled with dread. I could experience anger towards my co-workers, as I filled overwhelmed. Experience depression, as an overwhelming feeling of failure, and prolonged stress of my job. The cognitive effects of stress will inhibit my thinking patterns, my ability to focus, and impair my memory and problem solving ability. The effects of the continuing stress on my health could potentially be deadly. Stress will weaken my immune system. The continued stress will increase my heart rate, blood pressure, and muscle tension. I will suffer from headaches, an increased risk of blood clotting, allergies, hives, or heart disease. To effectively deal with the stress of this new position, some techniques I would use would be writing down the different sources throughout my day. Relaxation training and biofeedback training, evaluate what changes in attitude and behavior will need to be made in order to get the most out of my life. I will seek support from family and friends, to determine if the new position is a benefit to me, or if it is potentially to much stress, for me to commit to taking on.

Child Development Essay

Purpose of the course: The course meets Mondays and Wednesdays from 8:45 to 10:00 in Mayborn 105. My office hours are Wednesdays from 10-12 and nearly anytime by appointment in Hobbs 217a. The course is about experimental methods of research on child development. It is designed for students concentrating in child development, cognitive studies, or psychology. The prerequisites include at least one course about child development and at least one course about statistics. The course is built around empirical articles about child development (many of the articles are â€Å"classics† that you may have read about in your other courses) and around readings about statistics & research methods. The main purpose of the course is to bring to life the basic elements of experimental approaches to psychological science in the context of child development research. To accomplish this we will read chapters about statistics and research methods. These concepts will be anchored to child development by applying them to classic (and recent) research reports, by applying them to hands-on experiences of designing and implementing data collection protocols, and by applying them to the entire research process by writing a research proposal. Requirements: 1. Come to class and participate. This will count 5% of your final course grade. I hope everyone receives the entire amount of credit. I’ll distribute an attendance list at the start of each class. It is fine to miss two classes. If you need to miss, please email me the day before. As for participating in class – it is a good thing for students to ask & answer questions in class. Sometimes I’ll ask people to hold on to their questions and ask me after class, so I can continue with the lecture. 2. Midterm exam. This is the only test in the course and will count 40% of your final course grade. It is a â€Å"concept mastery† test. You will be expected to define, explain, and apply the statistical concepts and the research design concepts to the empirical papers that we have read up to that point. It involves teaming-up with classmates in order to identify a classic research study, to design dependent variables and independent variables based on that study, create an observation sheet, and observe a few children. Then students should, individually, summarize what you observed in a table, and report your observations within a scientific style format. It will count 15% of the your final course grade. 3. Term paper in lieu of a final exam. This is to be a 12-20 page paper roughly following the format of an NIH research proposal. It will count 40% of your final course grade. 4. Letter grades: Excellent or outstanding work will receive a grade of â€Å"A† or â€Å"A-â€Å". Good or very good work will receive a grade of â€Å"B+† or â€Å"B†. or â€Å"B-â€Å". Work that minimally fulfills the assignments will receive a grade of â€Å"C†, and work that does not fulfill the assignment will receive a grade of â€Å"D† or â€Å"F†. The Vanderbilt Honor Code: I strongly encourage students to brainstorm together, to study together, and to team up to prepare for tests together. However, all written work should be your own. Tests are to be taken on the scheduled day and assignments are due on the scheduled day. I will make exceptions for documented medical emergencies, family emergencies, and participation in official Vanderbilt events.

Menkaure and Queen Khamerernebty essays

Menkaure and Queen Khamerernebty essays I have chosen to write about the statue of Menkaure and Queen Khamerernebty. The statue of the King and Queen was found in the Valley Temple of the pyramid of Menkaure at Giza and dates from 2490-2472 B.C. When looking at the statue, I find that it portrays a certain presence that commands attention. This is in part due to the standing portrait of both Menkaure and Queen Khamerernebty. You can see Menkaure stands tall with his head held high. The figure is a frontal view although Menkaures head seems to be slightly turned to the right. His body stands at attention with his arms positioned to his sides and hands clinched around what appear to be pegs or maybe dowels. His shoulders are unmoved and his hips remain even which does not fit the way a person stepping forward would actually look. Though this may not look naturalistic, it signifies the kings power. Standing beside him you find his wife Queen Khamerernebty with her right arm wrapped around his waist as her left arm crosses over to gently touch his left arm with wifely affection. Her left leg is also positioned forward, however not as far because of her lower ranking to the king. This is representation of male and female depicts the conventional differences between the two as she is portrayed in a more naturalistic style and therefore less imposing. The overall balance of the statue is approximately symmetrical due to the slightly smaller size of Queen Khamerernebty. The individual proportions for each of the subjects appears to be in relation with each of the their bodies, which gives the viewer a well balanced unity in general to the whole statue. The contours of the sculptures lines are simple and easy to follow. The compositional lines found throughout the piece are clean and provide the viewer with a smooth transition. The headdress as an example folds downward and onto the kings shoulders with a slight bend th ...

La Cienaga Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

La Cienaga - Essay Example After attending to Argentinian Film Centre which shut down during economic down fall in 1989 she volunteered in short filming; spent some time in reading Greek philosophy; and watched movies to dig her knowledge in cinematography of filming. Her masterpiece made her script La Cienage won award in 1999. To develop her production the prize was merely used as a capital. Martel's works withstand and become passion to Argentine cinema renewal. She molds every craft and shape with heart and design for artifact of sound. It is like that she's representing herself to the place of spectator and characters intentionally constructed with the touch of her experience. Thus she put characters to serve as vehicle to represent the actual crisis of Argentine emerged to revelation of desire and hope to live indifferently. Martel's works have strong relationship into her experiences. The movement of New Argentina Cinema and the prominent crisis is the astray of diverse screen-play class, its timing helps the not only Martel but the other best-known representatives bring out into the heat of enthusiasm of hallmark cinema art. Looking at the deeper notion of "La Cienaga" the characters are portrait of Argentina's catastrophe in geography and climate. As for the cast of "La Cienaga" human fate is caused by nature and the film is an exceptional autobiographical of many ways. It tells about the story of dysfunctional two related families at their devastating lives. One is on the outcry of declination at middle class family while the other is in the marginalized situation of upper class level.

Final Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words - 1

Final - Research Paper Example Various concepts of validity and reliability have been discussed to analyze the extent of accuracy of the measurements in the research. Other than that, the ethical aspects of using human subjects in the research have also been analyzed. Table of Contents Research Methodology 4 Criteria for Research Method Selection 4 Difference between: 4 a)Facts and Theory 4 b)Concepts and Variables 5 Use of Theoretical Perspective in Design Process 5 Validity and Reliability 5 Construct Validity 6 Measurement Reliability 6 Quantitative and Qualitative Research Design 6 Quantitative Research Design 6 Qualitative Research Design 7 Requirement of Ethics in Research 7 Comparative Study between non-experimental, quasi-experimental, and experimental research designs 8 References 9 Research Methodology The process of systematically solving the research problem is called research methodology. It can also be understood as a way to conduct research scientifically. The researchers study the problems and the logic behind them, with the usage of the right research methodology. The researchers not only have to assess the quantitative aspect of any research but also its qualitative dimension too. It is also necessary to analyze the assumptions that have been taken for various techniques and also the criteria by which the techniques could be chosen. In the virtual project management of oil and gas industry, the right methodology for conducting research is by mailing questionnaire to the respondents, conducting telephonic survey or through observation (Kothari, 2008, p. 7-8). Criteria for Research Method Selection As we have already studied, research methodology is the tool for scientifically approaching a research problem. So the success and the failure of the research are mostly depended upon the right research tool selected by the researcher. The criteria for selecting the research tools are not fixed, they vary according to the research problem, the issues behind such situation and the l ogic behind selecting the method of research. In this study the research is conducted to analyze the various issues that arise when companies utilize virtual project tools in the oil sector. These projects are usually undertaken by teams of people who work from different countries around the world. So in this case telephonic survey or questionnaire sent through mails would be the best method for data collection. Difference between: a) Facts and Theory The things which we can see, feel, touch or hear are facts as it can be verified and its existence is real for us. Even when we do not personally experience something, but the experiences of others are also counted as a fact. In research facts are those which can be tested and verified. For example in virtual projects, the virtual project tools such as the satellites show the picture of the oil wells, pipeline or oil spills to the project managers in their offices. This is also a fact. Theory on the other hand utilizes the fact and put forward the reason behind such occurrence. It is the logic behind the fact that took place. In research it is very important to identify the reason behind the problems; otherwise solutions cannot be formulated for the same. b) Concepts and Variables The point of difference between concepts and variables are the measurability. Concepts are perceptions that are created in minds

World religion and major periods during the development in the united Term Paper

World religion and major periods during the development in the united states - Term Paper Example During this colonial period, events occurred for example 8 Englishmen being allowed to colonize other parts of America. For example Virginia was the first American colony which was founded at Jamestown in Virginia. The Native Americans who were in Virginia had mixed feelings towards the newcomers; they were hostile to them and even attacked their ships. On the other hand, Indians had hospitality to the newcomers thus providing food to them. In the North of America, Massachusetts Bay colony was formed in 1920 together with Plymouth colony. In the other colonies war started in north American showing European rivalries where the Native American had to look for alliances to other powers to make sure that the colonist will not control the whole region for long period since the Native Americans together with the settlers experienced challenges when dealing with the colonial masters. For example king George war the Native American had to ally with other colonist like the British and French depending on the interests of other colonies to a specific indentified colony which was assumed to be the best. This depended on the interest of colonies to others. Due to religious motives Toleration Act was given a consideration in 1649 making England to be given the power of religious freedom. As a missionary during the colonial period, I was fully engaged in ensuring that masters and their servants did not interfere with the religious organizations that were trying to bring people together. Additionally, my role was to preach peace and unity among members of the community. The American Revolutionary which started in 1775 to 1783 is also termed as American war of independence. The war was between the Great Britain by the American colonies which later was named as United States of America. The unlawful act which the British parliament imposed on the

Internet safety securityn privacy Essay Example for Free

Internet safety securityn privacy Essay Introduction Microsoft has established partnership with American Academy of Pediatrics (AAP) in order to ensure online safety of children. This program provides guidelines for family safety and to protect children from developing psychological disturbances on social issues. AAP has a vast number of pediatricians in U. S. and it has second place as largest physician organization in the world which is promoting health and welfare to all children. Microsoft company which is a giant in computer software predicts that future generation of children required to possess extensive knowledge about Internet whereas, it should be lead by limitations of dos and don’ts on Internet browsing, which if not guided results in adverse impact both for parents and children. In this effort, AAP records a total of 96 million of school-age children per year and apart from promoting health care, AAP would also provide Internet safety measures for children. â€Å"We are pleased to see that the AAP and its members are striving to make Internet safety education a part of routine clinical care for children, (Adrienne Hall, Senior Director of Trustworthy Computing at Microsoft) Microsoft has several guidelines for each age group. Viz. , using family contracts, 10 things to teach kids, computer security tips for students, steps to improve family’web security, minimizing risk from online predators, a bank of tips and tools to help parents and a video to teach kids how to be safe online. In fact there are many points that have to be noticed by children before entering online surfing. First and foremost, parents must be present while children are online and secondly, identify the purpose of surfing such as whether it is for the purpose of education, online games, chatting, shopping or for any other purpose. Thirdly, encourage children to enter through search engines, explaining the importance of finding good sources of information for education purposes, or directly by having an accurate web site address / URL . This enables children to click on a particular link that is required for further information. For instance, children above the age of 6yrs usually are quick to learn about online skills and enjoy playing online games. In such case, parents must take initiative to find a web site which contains free online games which are both educative and entertaining viz. , math games, puzzle games, doll games and many other sport games. Parents must explain that by typing â€Å"online games† in google search engine a plethora of games websites are displayed which are good and entertaining for children. Children are very smart than parents, with the fact that anything explained once is remembered and from the very next minute, children pick up so fast in learning concepts. Therefore, it is the responsibility of parents and teachers to teach online safety measures to children for the health and benefit of children. Step by step guidance is what is required for children instead of blackboard teaching. Teaching through videos, online training are some of the best methods to teach children how important it is to tread safely on Internet. There must be a friendly and warm atmosphere at the time of parents participation with children while teaching internet skills. Many a times, children do not agree or parents disagree with the online surfing. In such instance, rules must be framed as a formal contract that would be signed by both parents and children. In this manner, children would be compelled to listen to what parents teach about online skills. Apart from this open discussion, also brings good results with the fact that, when parents ask questions about Internet surfing, children get encouraged and begin to provide a great amount of information which enables parents to realize whether children are entering any unacceptable web areas or zones. There are quite a danger zones that harm children to the developing personality especially, information on weapons, forbidden web sites for children age and above all harmful images that trigger the emotions of innocent kids. Even chatting rooms have to be checked by parents, with the fact that at times, net friends provide false age and false information whereby children begin to build friendship with the above age group and ultimately fall prey as a victim to the net criminals/hackers. Children are even motivated to disappear from parents and especially in western world, parents suffered a great loss for not being aware of Internet in the primary stage of its launch. With some of these negative effects, Microsoft has even designed a code of conduct that must be signed between parents and children which is reproduced as below: â€Å"Online code-of-Conduct Contract. I will: Talk with my parents to learn the rules for using the Internet, including where I can go, what I can do, when I can go online, and how long I can be online ( ___ minutes or ___ hours). Never give out personal information such as my home address, telephone number, my parents work address or telephone number, credit card numbers, or the name and location of my school without my parents permission. Always tell my parents immediately if I see or receive anything on the Internet that makes me feel uncomfortable or threatened, including e-mail messages, Web sites, or even anything in the regular mail from Internet friends. Never agree to meet anyone in person that I have met online, without my parents permission. Never send pictures of myself or other family members to other people through the Internet or regular mail without first checking with my parents. Never give out my Internet passwords to anyone (even my best friends) other than my parents. Not do anything online that could hurt or anger other people or that is against the law. Never download, install, or copy anything from disks or the Internet without proper permission. Never do anything on the Internet that costs money without first asking permission from my parents. Let my parents know my Internet logon and chat names, listed below: _____________________ _____________________ _____________________ _____________________ Name (child) _______________________ Date ____________ Parent or guardian _______________________ Date ____________ Several hours of browsing may also be harmful to the sensitive eyes of children which is why there should be a protective screen on computer monitor, otherwise there is every possibility of backache, development of eyesight, and even dark circles around eyes. It is important to take note here that children should be instructed to blink eyes every second and staring at web sites while playing games or visiting web sites without blinking eyes, causes lot of eye sight problems. Conclusion Internet is truly benefiting to children wherein children are educated at a fast pace as never before through blackboard teaching whereas measures of care would yield good results. Reference Protect your family : Beyond the basics, Prevention guidelines Accessed January 28, 2008 http://www. microsoft. com/protect/family/guidelines/default. mspx.

Why the Employee Engagement Survey is Out of Date

Why the Employee Engagement Survey is Out of Date May 25, 2015 Abstract The objective of this project is to examine a current article and determine the capacity to analysis the current event by developing a rational summary (Schinker, 2015). This article is about the review of a somewhat outdated management method that has recently been given an updated title. The company examined within the article can be any kind of general company and is intended to be used as an illustration of what any company is able of transforming (Schinker, 2015). This is article is intended to demonstration what is not functioning within a company and how that company can go about revamping their method of providing an enjoyable work experience. Current Event Summarization The article that I found for my current event was â€Å"Why the employee engagement survey is out of date?† and is basically a summarization of another article titled â€Å"Its Time To Rethink The Employee Engagement Issue† with an ultimate resolution. So to begin the author of â€Å"Its Time To Rethink The Employee Engagement Issue† is Josh Bersin and based off of my article he argues that the conventional yearly engagement survey is invalid and unnecessary (Red, 2015). Bersin asks for more of an all-inclusive, unified, and instantaneous method to assessing and pushing for greater amounts of associate dedication and desire (Bersin, 2014). The most noted yearly engagement survey developer was actually Gallup who created the initial survey over 30 years ago (Bersin, 2014). Gallup was initially motivated by the industrial engineer Frederick Taylor’s work of the late-1800s (Bersin, 2014). Taylor was the first to notice the increased associate satisfaction on the steel business’ production rates (Bersin, 2014). My article continues to explain that Bersin has an argument that allows us to understand that this old evaluation standard is no longer applicable due to the fact that there are currently too many types of surveying tools used to gauge associate engagement (Red, 2015). The first reason why this evaluation standard is no longer applicable is because the standard is just too constricted (Red, 2015). Based off of my article Bersin implies that the conventional engagement survey is not as comprehensive as it could be (Red, 2015). Developing work societies mean redefining most management designs, the job atmosphere, and even the labor force itself which normally are excluded from most surveys (Red, 2015). Therefore, Bersin goes on to state that companies have to look past these aspects of engagement and come up with innovated ways to make their associates feel wanted and cherished (Red, 2015). Types of ways my article says this is possible could be by providing snack rooms, rooms to relax in, and even ways to eliminate stress such as yoga or a masseuses (Red, 2015). The other reason why this evaluation standard is no longer applicable is because the term engagement is misleading (Red, 2015). Based off of my article it states that Bersin even has a problem with the term â€Å"engagement† he says that engaging a company’s associates is no longer adequate (Red, 2015). He says that a company’s associates have to ready to commit or marry the company (Red, 2015). Yet, the only way this would be possible is by establishing a company that makes their associates want to come to work (Red, 2015). Based off of the article Bersin feels that it would be best if companies began utilizing a new evaluation standard besides the conventional yearly engagement survey (Red, 2015). With that said a new method that companies could adopt would be by gauging the delight and career fulfillment on a regular basis (Red, 2015). By placing instantaneous reaction instruments to a company’s associates it allows these associates to straightforwardly convey their emotions to management so that they can control any disputes before that become overwhelming (Red, 2015). The article also states that based off of Bersin’s perspective that associates should be viewed as the core to a company’s production instead of as just cogs in the machine, which can be interpreted by saying that instead of a company working their associates to the bone that they could utilize the new method mentioned above and make themselves seductive to the associates and they will engage themselves much more o ften (Red, 2015). Current Event Determination Earlier this week we discussed a topic called the quality of work life programs. I feel that this article greatly relates to this concept due to the fact that by engaging a company’s associates they can determine what makes going to work irresistible. This is what the quality of work life programs do for the companies that use them. Therefore, we can see with the following chart that quality of work life programs could basically be the solution to the engagement survey problem. (Gayathiri Ramakrishnan, 2013). With what I have learned this week in regards to what the quality of work life programs are they are essentially expected to help enhance the personal lives of a company’s associates and their functionality to more of an acceptable standard. Now with this said to determine the solution to the question of whether I feel the article discussed a prediction of a recovery, if a negative approach, or success, if a new launch or revamping of a current policy/approach, to this issue?† (Schinker, 2015). I believe that with the concept that the end of the article â€Å"Why the employee engagement survey is out of date?† discussed that the quality of work life programs are the solution to the engagement survey issue and could become very effective in the long run for many companies. I also feel that as long as companies attempt to work with their associates this concept will become even better than the â€Å"engagement survey† concept. Therefore, I believe that as lon g as companies are trying to enhance their method of associate engagement and try to utilize some of the abundant resources accessible to them that they can handle their functionality issues successfully. Conclusion With all of the material from above I trust that the article â€Å"Why the employee engagement survey is out of date?† is an applicable article that completely displays that I understand what make this a management issue (Schinker, 2015). The rationale for this is due to the fact that the article expresses a procedure that is similar to the quality of work life programs, which are a management concept that we discussed this week. The quality of work life programs can also be used as a means for managers to enhance the lives of their associates and the inclusive functionality of the company. References Bersin, J. (2014, April 10). Its Time To Rethink The Employee Engagement Issue. Retrieved May 21, 2015, from http://www.forbes.com/sites/joshbersin/2014/04/10/its-time-to-rethink-the-employee-engagement-issue/. Gayathiri, R., Ramakrishnan, L. (2013, January 1). Quality of Work Life – Linkage with Job Satisfaction and Performance. Retrieved May 25, 2015, from http://www.ijbmi.org/papers/Vol(2)1/Version_2/A210108.pdf, Red, L. (2015, March 12). Why the employee engagement survey is out of date. Retrieved May 25, 2015, from http://www.leadershipreview.net/why-employee-engagement-survey-out-date Schinker, R. (2015). Week 2 Current Event Paper Assignment Description. Retrieved May 21, 2015, from https://davenport.blackboard.com/webapps/blackboard/execute/displayLearningUnit?course_id=_189795_1content_id=_7164613_1.

Tobacco Advertisements Essay -- Marketing, Legal Issues, Smoking

Tobacco advertisements have been a sensitive subject in America especially among parents who do not want their children to become smokers. I know from personal experience that tobacco is extremely toxic and can do major bodily harm. My grandfather was a chain smoker for over twenty years. He started smoking in his late teens and he died from lung problems that were caused by his addiction to cigarette smoking. My father is also a chain smoker and he started smoking when he was sixteen. He is starting to experience the same problems that my grandfather had due to his chain smoking. This history of smokers in my family has struck a cord in me. It has caused me to look further at the history of tobacco advertisements aimed to people under the age of eighteen, past precedent in court that was passed based on these advertisements, and current trends in tobacco advertisements today. The first print tobacco advertisements that used celebrities as the main focus of the advertisements came about during the 1950’s in America. Huge celebrities such as Phillip Morris would endorse cigarette smoking in print advertisements. This type of marketing technique involves many social psychological theories. One theory is the Social Impact Theory. According to three authors the Social Impact Theory is, â€Å" . . . interprets â€Å"social pressure† quite literally: people experience psychological forces pressing on them, just as they experience physical forces such as sound and weight† (Breckler, Olson, and Wiggins 431). One sub-category of this theory is the Liking Technique. According to Steven Breckler, James Olson, and Elizabeth Wiggins the Liking Technique is, â€Å" A strategy to increase compliance, based on the fact that people are more likely ... ... that they must â€Å"spend $500 million a year on anti-tobacco advertising† (397). The problem with this is that some people such as McLaren question if these â€Å"anti-tobacco advertisements† really have an effect on the consumers in specific, consumers under the age of eighteen. (See exhibit B). Language in tobacco advertisements have certainly evolved and adapted itself since the 1950’s. It is under constant watch by the FDA, which was made possible by class action suits that ultimately led to legislation such as the Tobacco Control Act, and the FDA Tobacco Regulation Bill. If people under the age of eighteen become more informed on the facts of language in tobacco advertisements, then they will probably be less likely to smoke a cigarette. So hopefully future generations will be the solution to this controversial subject of language in tobacco advertisements.

The Importance of Psychology in Business

Importance of psychology in bussiness†¦.. I think psychology plays an important role in business there are many ways to utilize psychology in your business†¦ if you have any concept about psychology of human being its easy for you to undersand the nature of your investor either he is optimistic or passimistic so at this level you can make him feeling more comfortable while investing in your business. When we are on any job interview its too much helpfull to us knowing psychology. We may observe their expressions either what quality of mine in being appriciated or not.On the other hand for a professional its necessary to know about the basics of psychology to devolp his/her own atitude towards his/her profession. For example if we are being prepared for a sales department our atitude should be different than in production deprtment. In HR(human recourse) department tha in mechanical department. so it is not possible for us to devolp ourselves as a professional in different o f a business firm. We can also motivate our employes to give their best. Psychology helps us in each and every feild of life while behaving with human being. Major implimentations of human psychology are given as under†¦ Importance of human psychology as employer . We have to deal with human beings as professionals in different segments of our business tirms.  ·Importance of human psychology as employee. Our employers,olleagues,Subordinates and imideate bosses they are also human being we also also have to copup with them in our daily business.  ·Importance of human psychology in daily working. In our daily working we have to copup with different people like customers,dealers contractors,imediate bosses e. t. c and we have to bring them on one point to show their best here human psychology helps us alot Thanks†¦. Syed Mazhar BBA Sectin-A

Upper Tier Rights

There are many cases in the history of constitutional law that involve the wording of the United States Constitution. One case that deals with many parts of the constitution is Miranda v Arizona. This was a case that the Supreme Court voted on in 1966. This is a case of upper tier rights, because it deals with the constitutional rights. It mostly deals with the fourteenth amendment which is a right to due process and the sixth amendment which is a right to counsel.A suspect, Ernesto Miranda, was arrested on mostly circumstantial evidence for the kidnapping and rape of an 18 year old female. During the interrogation by the police Miranda confessed to the kidnapping and rape of the female. He also signed a paper that said he was giving a voluntary statement to the police and that the police were not forcing him to confess to the crimes which he may or may not have committed. To most this sounds like the police did an alright job they got a confession out of him and there was no signs o f abuse by the police.So many would say what is the problem? Why is this even considered a constitutional law case? How did Miranda v. Arizona turn into a landmark United States Supreme Court case? When this case went to trial Miranda’s court appointed attorney found out that the police never informed Miranda of his Constitutional right to counsel. So in fact by not informing Miranda that he had the right to counsel the police violated his Fourteenth Amendment which is the right to due process and his sixth amendment which is a right to counsel.If he would have had counsel present in the room he may never have signed that form confessing to the kidnapping and rape of that 18 year old woman. Miranda’s court appointed attorney at trial objected to the confession saying that his clients fifth, sixth, and fourteenth amendment rights were violated. The trial judge overruled the objection mainly because the defendant never formally asked to have an attorney present or to see or speak with his attorney. So Miranda was convicted of the crime and sent to up to 30 years in prison.Miranda’s attorney the appealed the decision all the way up to the Arizona supreme court. The Arizona Supreme Court ruled that they also believed that his rights were not violated because he never asked for an attorney. The Next step Miranda’s Attorney took was that he asked the United States Supreme Court to hear the case and they did. Then on June 13th, 1966 then United States Supreme Court ruled that Ernesto Miranda’s Constitutional rights had been violated by the police. The vote was close it was a 5-4 vote.Chief Justice Earl Warren along with Justices, Black, Douglass, Brennan, and Fortas thought that Miranda’s rights were violated and Justices Clark, Harlan, Stewart, and White thought that the police had acted in the correct manor. This was one of the most historical cases in United States Supreme court history. This basically told police that if you did not inform the individual that he has a right to counsel you can not use any confession or information gathered from that. This is considered an upper tier rights case because it not only deals with one amendment but it actually deals with two others.The fifth, sixth and fourteenth amendments all come into play with this case. Police no Mirandize all suspects before talking to them and almost all law enforcement personal actually do it as they are arresting the suspect just to make sure. A suspect has the right to waive Miranda but then can not use it in the court case later on. In conclusion Miranda v Arizona became a land mark case in United States law history because it one had many constitutional rights broken in it that were corrected by the United States Supreme Court.It also actually helped the law enforcement agencies do their job better. It helped prevent other suspects from having their rights broken like Ernesto Miranda had his. Like stated earlier this is a prime example of upper tier rights because it not only deals with one constitutional right but three and they are three of the most important amendments, the fifth, sixth, and fourteenth amendments.Sources Miranda v. Arizona, U. S. Supreme Court Case Summary & Oral Argument. (n. d. ). The Oyez Project | U. S. Supreme Court Oral Argument Recordings, Case Abstracts and More. Retrieved December 10, 2010, from http://www. oyez. org/cases/1960-1969/1965/1965_759 Miranda v. Arizona. (n. d. ). LII | Legal Information Institute at Cornell Law School. Retrieved December 10, 2010, from http://www. law. cornell. edu/supct/html/historics/USSC_CR_0384_0436_ZS. html The Supreme Court . Expanding Civil Rights . Landmark Cases . Miranda v. Arizona (1966) | PBS. (n. d. ). PBS: Public Broadcasting Service. Retrieved December 10, 2010, from http://www. pbs. org/wnet/supremecourt/rights/landmark_miranda. html